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Weekend update #191: It is not just oil refineries

This piece cuts through the noise of daily headlines to reveal a quiet but devastating shift in the war: Ukraine is no longer just striking fuel depots; it is surgically dismantling Russia's ability to manufacture the very weapons used to bomb Ukrainian cities. Phillips P. O'Brien brings a level of granular detail on specific industrial complexes that transforms abstract "long-range strikes" into a tangible narrative of supply chain collapse. For the busy reader, this is not just a list of targets; it is an analysis of how a nation's war machine is being starved at its source.

The Industrial Heartland Under Siege

O'Brien opens by reframing the conversation away from oil and toward the factories that build missiles. He writes, "More and more the Ukrainians are going after the Russian ability to create the components and finished munitions needed to wage their war." This is a critical pivot in understanding the conflict's trajectory. The author argues that while refinery attacks grab headlines for their immediate economic pain, the strikes on military-industrial targets strike at the long-term viability of Russia's offensive capabilities.

Weekend update #191: It is not just oil refineries

The evidence provided is specific and unsettling. O'Brien details an attack on the Titan-Barrikady weapons complex in Volgograd, a city steeped in history as Stalingrad during the 1942-1943 battle that broke the back of the German advance. He notes that President Zelensky's commentary on the strike revealed a deeper strategic intent: "The Ukrainians... are trying to reduce Russia's ability to maintain its long-range campaign against Ukraine by limiting the ability of the Russians to make their most effective missiles in the first place."

If that can be reduced by even 25%, that will do the job of a large number of Patriot missiles and save a lot of Ukrainian lives.

This calculation is the core of O'Brien's argument: attrition works both ways, but targeting production lines yields a multiplier effect on defense. He lists a cascade of targeted facilities, from the Progress Plant in Michurinsk, which makes navigation systems for missiles, to the Azot Chemical Plant, a major producer of ammonia and nitrogen fertilizers that are essential precursors for explosives. The author points out that these are not random targets but critical nodes: "This is an attempt to damage Russia's own long-range strike campaign."

Critics might argue that industrial complexes can be repaired or production moved underground, but O'Brien suggests the Russian system is fragile, noting that Moscow is "living pretty much 'hand-to-mouth' when it comes to the production of some of their most effective systems." The sheer geographic spread of these attacks—from Cheboksary in the east to Volgograd in the south—forces Russia to stretch its air defenses thin. As O'Brien observes, "Russia will have to do a better job protecting its missile building capacity. That will take more systems and more ammunition spread around the vastness of Russia."

The Human Cost of Fuel Shortages

While the industrial strikes target military output, the campaign against refineries is hitting Russian civilians with immediate, visceral force. O'Brien shifts focus to the Lukoil-Nizhegorodorgsintez refinery in Kstovo, where a strike damaged a primary unit capable of processing 12,000 metric tons of oil daily. The consequence is not just a statistic but a tangible shortage: "Fuel shortages are appearing across Russia."

The author highlights the cascading failure this causes for civilian life and infrastructure. He writes, "These attacks are hitting civilians not just with long-lines at the pump or the inability to drive." The situation has deteriorated to the point where commercial aviation is struggling, with reports of high-grade fuel supplies down by a third. O'Brien points out a particularly dangerous development: "Things are reaching such a state that the Russians are reportedly on the verge of using automobile fuel to power their smaller aircraft—which is incredibly dangerous (think explosions)."

This section underscores the dual nature of modern warfare: the strategic goal of degrading military logistics inevitably bleeds into the daily survival of the population. O'Brien notes that Russia may soon be forced to buy fuel on the open market from India, a move that would drain state coffers just as oil prices fall. The human cost is implicit in every line about rationing and flight cancellations, yet it remains the driving force behind the economic pressure on the Kremlin.

The Diplomatic Disconnect

The final section of O'Brien's commentary addresses a jarring contradiction: the gap between public rhetoric and policy action regarding Russia's economy. He critiques the current administration for quietly removing sanctions that protect Russian oligarchs and their enablers. "Very quietly, the US government removed sanctions on important Russian businessmen, Russian ships and even some Turkish companies that do business with Russia," O'Brien writes.

He details how seven Russian nationals, including the son of a metals giant's owner, were cleared to operate freely, alongside ship owners linked to state leasing companies. The author finds it particularly telling that a Turkish elevator maker was also de-sanctioned, despite being originally targeted for trading in high-quality electronics components vital to the war effort. O'Brien argues this is part of an effort "to get back to some business 'normality' with Putin."

The most stinging critique comes when addressing the administration's stance on Iran and Russia's role there. O'Brien writes, "Trump made one of his most astonishing public lies recently about how Putin did not help Iran in the recent war," quoting the claim that Putin was "very neutral." The author dismantles this by listing the concrete support Russia provided to Iran, from drone components to targeting intelligence. He concludes with a sharp observation on the disconnect between words and deeds: "So Trump has recently gone to great lengths to lie and protect Putin and to loosen sanctions on the Russian economy. But hey, he did not insult Ukraine. People are such rubes."

The reality, as always, is that the administration... is bending over backwards, doing large things and small, to help Russia.

This framing forces the reader to look past the soundbites of diplomatic niceties and examine the material reality of policy decisions. It suggests that while public statements may offer fleeting praise for Ukraine's resilience, the underlying economic policies continue to lubricate the very machinery Russia uses to wage war.

Bottom Line

Phillips P. O'Brien delivers a compelling case that the war has entered a new phase where targeting production capacity is as vital as striking fuel reserves, potentially saving thousands of Ukrainian lives by slowing the flow of munitions to the front. The piece's greatest strength lies in its granular evidence of industrial disruption, though it risks oversimplifying the resilience of Russia's supply chains. Readers should watch closely whether these strikes can sustain their momentum or if the administration's contradictory economic policies will ultimately blunt Ukraine's strategic gains.

Deep Dives

Explore these related deep dives:

  • The Logic of Violence in Civil War Amazon · Better World Books by Stathis N. Kalyvas

  • Titan-Barrikady

    This specific Volgograd factory is the primary production site for the S-300 and S-400 air defense systems, making its targeting a direct attempt to degrade Russia's ability to shield its own airspace from Ukrainian long-range strikes.

  • Battle of Stalingrad in popular culture

    The article notes the city's former name, but knowing the historical significance of this battle illuminates why striking Volgograd carries immense symbolic weight beyond its industrial value, as it targets a site synonymous with Russian military resilience and sacrifice.

Sources

Weekend update #191: It is not just oil refineries

by Phillips P. O'Brien · Phillips P. O'Brien · Read full article

Hi All,

Before I get into the update this weekend, a few announcements. The first is that, if you did not see this piece on Thursday (see image below), there will be a special Substack Live this coming Thursday with Andriy Zagorodnyuk and Edward Stringer. The three of us will discuss the creation of a new paradigm for airpower, which seems to have played some role in influencing Ukrainian strategic thinking.

The second announcement also comes out of that piece. For those who do not know, there are some changes coming for the Substack, including for the pricing. If you want to keep the present price for the length of your subscription, you need to sign up by July 1. A large number of people have asked whether this applies to people on free trials before July 1 that do not end until after that date. The answer to that right now is that I do not know.

I have written Substack to find out. If it turns out that this is not the case, then I will change the date of the price change to July 9, to make sure that everyone who is on a free trial by the end of July 1 can definitely get the older rate when their trial ends. So do not worry about that.

Sorry I cannot be more definite now—will hopefully be able to be more exact in my next post.

Now, on to the update. This week a part of the Ukrainian long-range campaign which has not received the coverage it deserves, came into focus. That is the Ukrainian campaign against Russian war production. More and more the Ukrainians are going after the Russian ability to create the components and finished munitions needed to wage their war. What they are attacking and where is worthy of consideration.

After that, two shorter points. First, the refinery attacks are themselves really starting to bite. Fuel shortages are appearing across Russia. Finally, though Trump said a few not-critical things about Ukraine, he did some things to really help Putin. As always do not listen to the words, they are meant to deceive.

It Is Not Just Oil Refineries.

Yesterday news came out about a Ukrainian long-range strike, using FP-5 Flamingo missiles, against the Titan-Barrikady weapons complex, located in Volgograd (Southern Russia). For the historically minded, you might know of Volgograd under the name Stalingrad, ...