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Sex and alcohol in the middle ages

Dan Snow doesn’t just debunk the myth of medieval puritanism—he demolishes it with street names that would make a sailor blush. His evidence? Physical geography frozen in time: lanes where the destination was unmistakable, and church records of priests caught au naturel sprinting from brothels. This isn’t academic speculation; it’s history you can walk through, and it reframes everything we assume about pre-modern morality.

The Geography of Desire

Snow’s sharpest move is using urban topography as his primary source. He writes, "Medieval people didn’t mess around when it came to naming your streets cuz you needed to know where to go." Grap(cunt) Lane, Cock Lane, Sit-Down Hoe Street—these weren’t euphemisms but practical signage. The author brilliantly connects this to the Assize of Bread and Ale (1267), noting how "sex work was as every part of York as much as the minster and the cobbled streets." This wasn’t hidden vice; it was zoned commerce, as regulated as beer quality. Critics might argue this visibility masked coercion, but Snow’s point lands: when brothels operated openly next to bathhouses (the "stews"), pleasure wasn’t a shadowy underworld—it was woven into daily life.

"Sex work: one man at a time really."

That dark quip from Snow’s interview with Dr. Listister cuts to the heart of medieval gender economics. He doesn’t romanticize—it’s a "deeply patriarchal world" where sex work was one of few paths to financial autonomy for women. The church’s theatrical shaming (striped hoods, jingling bells) backfired spectacularly: Vienna’s sex workers turned mandated bells into fashion statements, sparking trends among noblewomen. Snow’s evidence here is airtight—when even lavender became slang for sex workers (from bathhouse linens), you know the trade permeated culture.

Sex and alcohol in the middle ages

The Church’s Double Standard

Snow’s takedown of clerical hypocrisy is where the piece crackles. He cites 14th-century Prague’s archdiocesan records: priests running brothels, keeping concubines, and one fleeing a raid "completely naked and runs down the streets of Prague where all his parishioners see him." The author wisely avoids overclaiming—"Just like our own time, there’s not one distinct attitude"—but his evidence proves the church’s theoretical rigidity (sex only for procreation, missionary position, minimal pleasure) was ignored by the very people preaching it. This lands because he shows how the rules failed: Thomas Aquinas ranking oral sex as "illogical" while parishioners reported priests paying sex workers "right away and make her leave immediately" after services.

The Bathhouse Revelation

Most refreshing is Snow’s correction of the "medieval filth" myth. "They did bathe. Let’s just put that one to bed," he insists, linking mixed-gender bathhouses to social (and sexual) culture. His etymological punch—"A slang term for sex workers... was a lavender that comes from the lavender that was used to fragrance the laundry houses"—transforms a throwaway phrase into proof of ubiquity. This reframes everything: when communal bathing was normal, the idea of "prudish" medievalers evaporates. Counterpoint: some scholars note bathhouses were later banned because of sexual activity, but Snow’s point stands—they weren’t hidden dens of sin but mainstream hubs first.

Bottom Line

Snow’s strongest contribution is using physical spaces—streets, bathhouses, church records—to prove medieval sexual culture was more open in practice than our sanitized textbooks suggest. His vulnerability? Overlooking regional variations (Italian cities vs. English towns). But when he has a historian testing 14th-century pickup lines on York streets, you’ll never hear "courtly love" the same way again.

Deep Dives

Explore these related deep dives:

  • Canterbury Tales Amazon · Better World Books by Geoffrey Chaucer

  • Gropecunt Lane

    The article's discussion of medieval street names like 'Grap Lane' as euphemisms for brothel districts directly references this widespread but rarely acknowledged phenomenon.

  • Assize of Bread and Ale

    This 13th-century English law regulating alcohol quality and pricing illuminates the 'booze' context in medieval social life that the series explores beyond modern assumptions.

  • Canon (canon law)

    These obscure medieval handbooks detailing sexual sins and penances reveal how Church records paradoxically preserved evidence of relaxed popular attitudes the series describes.

Sources

Sex and alcohol in the middle ages

by Dan Snow · History Hit · Watch video

You might think of the medieval period as reserved and puritanical, but actually medieval people had very different and more relaxed attitudes towards obscenity and sex than we do. As a result, in this episode, be prepared to hear a few harsh words and shocking truths. When you think about the Tower of London and the medieval period more generally, pleasure probably isn't the first thing you think about. There's a couple reasons for this.

First, we're taught that the Middle Ages is an unrelentingly grim time. Nothing but plagues, wars, and the church hiding under your bed to make sure that you don't have too much fun. And secondly, it's true that the church didn't want you to have a lot of fun. And a lot of the sources that survive to us from the medieval period specifically come from the Catholic Church.

If you as a clergy member have to devote your life to piety and aestheticism, you're probably not going to be encouraging your flock to have a lot of fun. In this series, we'll be uncovering the sumptuous world of medieval pleasure. From sex to booze to sport, we'll look at how people in the Middle Ages enjoyed themselves and sometimes each other. Starting with everyone's favorite subject, sex.

To start our exploration of medieval sex, I've headed to York because it was one of the most important cities in medieval England, rivaled only in size by London. in itself. York is a great place to understand what people were getting up to because well with this many people around someone was having sex because the Middle Ages is so long ago. the latest part is about 700 years in the past.

It's really easy for us to forget that they were normal people too. We're here in the shambles in York which is a great way to get a physical idea about the world of medieval pleasure. This would have been a thriving area of commerce, fun, booze, all kinds of options about how to have a fun time. This can help us to understand what it was like for our medieval ancestors when they went out looking for a bit of fun.

I met up with Dr. Kate Listister, an expert in the history of sex to talk to her about where we might find clues about sex in medieval streets. One street in ...