← Back to Library

Strait of Hormuz blockade: How China should respond

In a geopolitical landscape often clouded by nationalist triumphalism, a rare voice of sober legal realism emerges from China's own policy sphere. While much of the domestic commentary celebrates the use of the Renminbi to pay transit fees as a victory against dollar hegemony, this piece from Sinification argues that such a view is a dangerous illusion. The article posits that accepting these fees is not a strategic win, but a catastrophic precedent that could unravel the very maritime norms China relies upon for its survival.

The Trap of Tactical Convenience

The piece opens by dismantling the prevailing narrative in Beijing. It notes that while the Strait of Hormuz has seen a "limited resumption of transit," the situation is far from a return to normalcy. Instead, the editors report that the waterway has shifted into a state of "controlled passage," characterized by "extreme uncertainty, tight regulation and low traffic volumes." In this new reality, Iran is attempting to levy fees of roughly $2 million per vessel, a move designed to generate billions in revenue for reconstruction.

Strait of Hormuz blockade: How China should respond

The article's most striking claim is that celebrating the settlement of these fees in Chinese currency is a "fatal strategic misreading." Sinification argues that this perspective "confuses tactical convenience with strategic gain and overlooks the broader erosion of China's legal and geopolitical position." The author, Ye Yan, a legal academic with deep experience in the state energy sector, warns that the real victory lies not in paying "protection money" with a different currency, but in holding the line on the principle of free passage.

This analysis cuts through the noise of financial nationalism. By framing the payment as "protection money" rather than a diplomatic breakthrough, the piece forces a re-evaluation of what constitutes a win for Beijing. It suggests that the short-term ease of using the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) masks a long-term vulnerability: the legitimization of maritime extortion.

The real victory does not lie in using China's own currency to pay 'protection money' on a shipping lane that has been illegally turned into a checkpoint and subjected to political screening. It lies in holding the line on 'free passage' through the world's sea lanes.

The Mathematics of a Strategic Trap

To explain why the current "ceasefire" is actually a trap, the article employs a game theory framework. It constructs a "composite utility model" where China's national interests are weighed against five variables: energy security, rule integrity, buffer capacity, sanctions risk, and precedent transmission. The argument is that while energy security is vital, the risks of secondary sanctions and the precedent of tolling are "destructive costs" that could cause a "cliff-like collapse" in China's overall strategic utility.

The piece suggests that the United States is not merely reacting to Iran but is engaging in a strategy of "acquiescent attrition." By allowing Iran to maintain a "controlled passage" regime, Washington can wear down East Asian manufacturing powers at a low cost to itself. The editors note that this "controlled-passage equilibrium" suits Washington because it "keeps pressure on China, Japan and other energy-dependent Asian economies at a low cost to the United States."

This reframing is crucial. It moves the discussion from a bilateral US-Iran conflict to a broader strategic contest where the rules of the sea are the primary battleground. The article warns that accepting the Iranian toll in Hormuz creates a "dual chokepoint dilemma," where similar coercion could be applied to the Strait of Malacca. This echoes historical lessons from the concept of "Transit passage" under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, where the right of innocent passage is designed specifically to prevent such chokepoints from becoming leverage points for regional powers.

Critics might argue that this legalistic approach ignores the immediate reality of energy needs. If the Strait is blocked, China needs oil now, regardless of the legal precedent. However, the piece counters that relying on short-term access without securing long-term norms is a losing strategy. It argues that "plugging China's Cross-Border Interbank Payment System into an unlawful tolling regime would not create institutional rights for Chinese shipping. It would merely turn payment convenience into sanctions exposure and diplomatic extortion."

A Path Forward: The Asian Consumer Order

So, what should China do? The article rejects the path of accommodation and instead proposes a strategy of "legal resistance backed by strategic reserves." The author urges Beijing to draw on its strategic petroleum reserves and utilize overland pipelines to bypass the Strait, rather than paying the tolls. This aligns with the broader geopolitical concept of "Global strategic petroleum reserves," which are designed precisely for such moments of supply disruption.

The most distinctive proposal is the formation of an "Asian Consumer Order Alliance." The piece suggests that Beijing should try to assemble a "buyers' club of major Asian importers" to collectively reject unlawful tolls. This move fits China's self-image as a responsible, multilateral actor, though the editors acknowledge it "may demand more Sino-Japanese co-ordination than the relationship can realistically bear."

The argument here is that the crisis is not a local aberration but part of a wider US strategy to recast the Middle East as a "West Asian corridor" within an Indo-Pacific frame. By forming a coalition, China could shift the burden of maintaining maritime order from a unilateral US enforcement to a collective regional defense of the rules.

Accepting tolls and political screening in Hormuz could legitimise similar coercion in Malacca or Sunda, creating a future 'dual chokepoint dilemma' across the sea lanes on which China depends.

Bottom Line

The strongest part of this argument is its ruthless clarity: paying the toll, even in RMB, is a surrender of principle that invites future exploitation. Its biggest vulnerability lies in the political feasibility of the proposed solution; convincing regional rivals like Japan to join a Sino-led alliance to defy a US-backed status quo is a monumental diplomatic challenge. The reader should watch for whether Beijing prioritizes the immediate flow of oil or the long-term integrity of the maritime order, as this decision will define the region's security architecture for decades.

Deep Dives

Explore these related deep dives:

  • The New Silk Roads: The Present and Future of the World Amazon · Better World Books by Peter Frankopan

  • Choke point

    This concept explains the specific vulnerability of the Strait of Hormuz and Malacca Strait that makes the threat of a blockade a critical leverage point for US strategy against East Asian industrial strength.

  • Transit passage

    The article's critique of Iran's 'unlawful moves' and 'maritime extortion' hinges on the legal distinction between innocent passage and the right of transit passage through international straits codified in this specific treaty provision.

  • Global strategic petroleum reserves

    Ye Yan's recommendation for Beijing to 'hold the line' by drawing on reserves rather than paying tolls relies on the mechanics of these stockpiles, which are designed specifically to insulate economies from supply shocks caused by geopolitical blockades.

Sources

Strait of Hormuz blockade: How China should respond

Trump’s announcement on Sunday of a blockade against Iran included a warning over Tehran’s tolls in the Strait of Hormuz: “no one who pays an illegal toll will have safe passage on the high seas.”

Although it is not yet clear what the blockade will mean in practice, the implicit threat against Chinese shipping is unmistakable. Yet again, questions around Beijing’s red lines—and how it would respond if they were crossed—come to the fore.

Chinese commentary on the blockade has so far been sparse and even popular nationalist commentators like Chairman Rabbit have tended to stress China’s resilience and the fact that the blockade appears to narrowly target Iranian ports, rather than wider commercial shipping through the Strait.

In contrast, today’s piece by Ye Yan offers clear recommendations for how China should handle the Strait, alongside an unusually disapproving view of his country’s drift towards accommodating Iranian tolls.

The piece seems to have been written shortly before Trump announced the blockade. Its title—As the US and Iran Make the Rare Move of “Joining Forces” to Block the Strait of Hormuz, What Should China Do?—now feels especially prescient. Originally the author meant something more specific: the convergence of a US strategy to drain East Asia’s industrial strength with Iran’s own recent unlawful moves against the law of the sea.

The willingness to call out Iran is notable, as is the reading of the war as part of a US strategy directed at China. Hawks in Washington tend to take this view and Chinese commentators are also usually quick to read China-focused strategic intent into everything the United States does, but such narratives have been less prominent in Chinese analyses of the Iran war. Instead, the conflict is more commonly read as a strategic blunder, driven by US domestic politics and Trumpian swagger.

The author’s core conceit is that celebration in China over paying the Iranian toll in RMB constitutes a “fatal strategic misreading”. What matters is not the currency of payment, but China’s acceptance of the precedent of maritime extortion.

Ye Yan is not a major voice in Chinese geopolitical commentary, but he has an interesting profile. A legal academic with experience in China’s state energy sector and in sanctions compliance, he is an establishment-adjacent, policy-facing figure, even if not a particularly senior one.

His recommendations are broadly in line with Beijing’s current posture of “strategic restraint”: he urges China to ...