← Back to Library

The mystery variable that explains stubbornly low consumer sentiment

G. Elliott Morris tackles a frustrating paradox that has defined the current political landscape: why do economic indicators look healthy while the public feels historically miserable? The piece is notable not for discovering a new crisis, but for dismantling the lazy assumption that voters are simply being misled by media narratives. Morris brings hard data to the table, revealing that the disconnect isn't psychological manipulation—it's the cumulative, unrelenting shock of high price levels that official inflation metrics fail to capture.

The Historic Low

The data Morris presents is stark and difficult to ignore. He notes that the University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index has plummeted to 47.6, a figure that "is lower than for the depths of the 2008 financial crisis, the worst of the post-COVID inflation surge, the 2022-23 inflation spike, and any point during the stagflation of the early 1980s." This comparison is crucial because it places current anxiety outside the bounds of recent memory, surpassing even the trauma of the 2008 collapse. Morris highlights the sheer magnitude of the shift by contrasting the current administration's tenure with the previous one, noting that while the first term averaged a robust 97.5, the current period sits at 55.5, now dipping further.

The mystery variable that explains stubbornly low consumer sentiment

The author argues that this isn't just a numbers game; it represents a fundamental shift in the political environment. "In short, it matters not just that [the administration] is more unpopular than [it] was at this point in 2018, but how [it] is more unpopular. It's both 'vibes' and prices." This framing is effective because it refuses to let analysts off the hook for relying solely on unemployment rates or GDP growth. When the electorate is drowning in the cost of living, a low unemployment rate feels like a consolation prize at best.

It's both 'vibes' and prices.

Critics might argue that focusing on sentiment ignores the reality of real wage growth, which has ticked up recently. However, Morris anticipates this by pointing out that statistical models often fail to account for the psychological weight of cumulative price increases. The gap between "objective" data and lived experience is not a bug in the system; it is the feature that defines the current voter mood.

The Mystery Variable Solved

Morris spends significant time dismantling the theory that the media is the primary culprit for this gloom. He describes a prevailing view among some commentators that "people are actually broadly doing fine right now, they're just being misled about the state of the economy by TV news hosts and clips of people filling up their F-150s at the gas pump." He rejects this as a convenient excuse for analysts who are looking at the wrong data. Instead, he points to a specific, often overlooked metric: the share of consumers citing high prices as a source of personal financial struggle.

The evidence Morris marshals is compelling. He observes that "before 2021, this number hovered near zero percent. Empirically speaking prices were a non-factor in how people viewed the state of the economy." Then, the trend line went vertical. "The share of adults citing high prices as a sources of anxiety went exponential during the 2021-22 inflation spike and never came back down." This aligns with the concept of a "base effect" in economic statistics, where the comparison point shifts, but here the shift is behavioral. People aren't reacting to the rate of inflation slowing down; they are reacting to the level of prices remaining permanently elevated.

Morris writes, "Government economic statistics — namely, annual inflation — do not account for the cumulative strain put on households by step increases in the price paid for a gallon of milk." This is the core of his argument: standard metrics like the Consumer Price Index measure the speed of price changes, not the total height of the wall families are climbing. When a gallon of milk jumps from $3 to $5, the inflation rate might eventually normalize, but the household budget is permanently stretched. This is why the sentiment index remains so depressed despite "cooling" inflation numbers.

The theory here is simple: prices didn't used to dominate how people thought about their personal finances. But now they do, and that's a source and level of anxiety that doesn't show up in historical data on inflation, unemployment, etc.

This analysis holds up well against the backdrop of historical data. For instance, during the stagflation of the 1970s, the University of Michigan index tracked closely with the pain of high prices, but the current data suggests a new, persistent anxiety that hasn't dissipated even as headline inflation numbers have improved. The author's insistence that "people care about prices" is framed sarcastically as a "mystery variable," yet it remains the most obvious explanation that sophisticated models keep missing.

The Political Consequence

The implications of this data extend far beyond economic theory. Morris connects the sentiment crash directly to the political vulnerability of the current administration. He notes that in the previous term, the economy was the administration's primary shield, even when other policies were unpopular. Now, that shield is gone. "What's going to happen when [the administration's] policies are underwater across almost every issue, AND economic sentiment is literally worse than it's ever been?" he asks. The answer, he suggests, points toward a "solid rout" in upcoming elections.

He also touches on the limitations of current polling technology, referencing the rise of "synthetic sampling" or "digital twins" in political science. While some industry folks are using large language models to predict voter behavior, Morris cautions that these are predictions, not polls. "That's not polling, but maybe it could be a decent predictive model if you don't have any other information about how people in a certain geography are feeling." This distinction is vital for readers trying to navigate the noise of modern political forecasting.

Maybe that is unsatisfying as a grand political theory. But I think it's workable descriptively and helps resolve some of the puzzle of voter psychology here.

Bottom Line

G. Elliott Morris provides a necessary corrective to the narrative that voters are irrational or easily manipulated; the data shows they are simply reacting to a new, painful reality of high price levels that standard economic models ignore. The argument's greatest strength is its reliance on direct polling about price anxiety, which bridges the gap between abstract inflation rates and the grocery bill. Its biggest vulnerability is that while it explains the why of the sentiment crash, it offers no clear path for the administration to fix a problem that is largely structural and historical, leaving the political outlook bleak for the foreseeable future.

Deep Dives

Explore these related deep dives:

Sources

The mystery variable that explains stubbornly low consumer sentiment

by G. Elliott Morris · G. Elliott Morris · Read full article

This is my weekly Sunday roundup of new political data published over the last seven days. It is free to read, but if you want to support independent data-driven political journalism, become a paying subscriber and get additional data products and premium analysis at least once weekly.

Edit: I am not in the habit of linking criticism of my work here, but here is one post bashing me for having my head in the sand about economic anxiety and only just now “figuring out” that people were upset when this data came out. The post is snarky but raises the possibility this article was not framed clearly enough/that it could turn off people who are unfamiliar with my past work on this subject, so here’s a short note:

I have been talking about high nominal prices dragging economic sentiment measures down since mid-2024. I wrote about this at FiveThirtyEight before Disney shut us down, and here is an interview I did with Paul Krugman about this last September:

Krugman and I talked about this partly within the context that other smart people have been putting together various statistical models to predict economic sentiment with objective economic indicators, and have concluded that sentiment is lower than the data justifies. With a limited model, you cannot understand why sentiment is so much lower than “predicted,” and are left to either (a) accept the gap as an interesting data point in and of itself and thoughtfully explore possible explanations for it based on other economic data and interviews with real people, or (b) ascribe causality for the gap based on your own pet theories of how voter psychology works.

On (b), the most prominent theory — pushed mostly by really left-leaning loud online commentators, not economists — is that the news media and social media are sources of negative information for people, which drags down consumer sentiment. This camp argues that people are actually broadly doing fine right now, they’re just being misled about the state of the economy by TV news hosts and clips of people filling up their F-150s at the gas pump.

The data presented in this article, however, fills a gap in the predictive models scholars are running by asking people directly if they are currently anxious about prices. This is close to what I talked with Krugman about, which is accounting for cumulative medium-run inflation in things most ...