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Mexico city’s sinking lands

Asianometry delivers a masterclass in urban pathology by tracing how Mexico City’s existential crisis—sinking up to 50 centimeters yearly—wasn’t fate but a cascade of human choices. The most chilling revelation? That 30,000 people drowned in a single 1629 flood because colonial engineers ignored indigenous flood infrastructure, setting a pattern of hubris that still cracks streets today. For leaders reshaping climate-vulnerable megacities, this isn’t history—it’s a blueprint of avoidable collapse.

The Basin’s Fatal Flaw

Asianometry roots the crisis in geology with surgical precision: "Simply speaking, it’s a big natural bowl up in the sky." The author explains how volcanic activity 600,000 years ago—detailed in the Sierra Chichinautzin deep dive—dammed the valley, creating five lakes where water could only escape through evaporation. This made Lake Texcoco increasingly saline, forcing the Aztecs to engineer solutions like aqueducts and the Nezahualcoyotl dike, built by the famed tlatoani in the 1440s. Asianometry’s strength here is connecting environmental constraints to cultural innovation: "The city was notable for its extensive water engineering... floods were often devastating." Yet the analysis wisely avoids romanticizing—this was survival, not sustainability.

Mexico city’s sinking lands

Colonial Engineering as Self-Sabotage

The pivot to Spanish conquest reveals the article’s sharpest critique. Asianometry writes, "Cortez destroyed the Nezahualcoyotl dyke so his ships can pass," then details how colonizers dismantled flood infrastructure to build European-style streets. This wasn’t mere ignorance: "Cortez’s lieutenants urged him to move the city to higher ground... But Cortez insisted on staying for political, cultural, and institutional reasons." The author argues this decision weaponized geography against the city’s inhabitants—a point underscored by the 1629 flood where "gates to the cut were closed," drowning 30,000. Critics might note the piece underplays Indigenous resistance to drainage projects, but Asianometry’s focus on institutional arrogance lands powerfully.

For 300 years, authorities spent huge resources to drain the basin’s lakes—and succeeded so completely they now must import water.

The Thirst Trap

Asianometry’s most urgent section dissects the groundwater paradox. As the author puts it: "Removing the water surrounding those soil and clay grains will cause them to compress... up to 25 to 30% of their original volume." Paraphrasing the evidence, he shows how shallow wells drilled in 1847 escalated to industrial pumping by the 1930s, ignoring early subsidence warnings. This lands because it frames modern inequality through infrastructure: "Neighborhoods built on softer ground experience broken pipes... many worst affected tend to be less economically advanced." Yet the analysis overlooks how Mexico’s 1947 pump restrictions failed partly due to U.S. pressure during the Bracero program—a missed nuance in the migrant labor narrative.

Bottom Line

Asianometry’s strongest contribution is exposing how Mexico City’s sinking stems from repeated choices to prioritize political control over ecological reality—from Cortez to Diaz. Its vulnerability lies in under-scrutinizing modern engineering alternatives. Watch whether subsidence accelerates beyond repair as climate change intensifies droughts, making this historical case study terrifyingly current.

Deep Dives

Explore these related deep dives:

  • The Wretched of the Earth Amazon · Better World Books by Frantz Fanon

    Fanon's landmark analysis of colonialism, violence, and national liberation.

  • Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)

    The pre-Hispanic flood control structure that temporarily stabilized Tenochtitlan's island before colonial drainage projects triggered modern subsidence

  • Sierra Chichinautzin

    The volcanic range whose formation dammed the Valley of Mexico, creating the lake system responsible for the city's unstable foundation

  • Desagüe

    The centuries-long Spanish-engineered drainage project that initiated groundwater depletion and accelerated the basin's sinking

Sources

Mexico city’s sinking lands

by Asianometry · Asianometry · Watch video

Mexico City is Mexico's most important city. Today, the greater metropolitan area is home to 23 million people, over 17% of the country's entire population. Economically, it is the powerhouse, contributing a quarter of Mexico's GDP. All of the biggest companies are based there.

The place is also famously built on top of a lake bed, a sinking lake bed. Sinking maybe an overall average of 35 to 50 cm per year. In this video, we look at Mexico City's land subsidance issues and how they came about. Mexico City as well as its immediate predecessor Tenno Chichalan sits in the basin of Mexico.

It is a high altitude basin about 2200 meters high on average enclosed by volcanoes and mountains. Simply speaking, it's a big natural bowl up in the sky. The valley's climate is generally mild and almost aid. The region recorded about 136 droughts between 1415 and 1900.

The annual rainy time covers the short months between July and September. Water used to drain out of the south of the valley to the Pacific. But about 600,000 to 1 million years ago, intense volcanic activity created the Sierra de Chichnutsen mountain range. The range essentially damned the valley, keeping water from flowing out of the basin.

Thus, water from snow melt and the rains stayed in the basin and over time it created five interconnected lakes. The largest and lowest line lake of the five is Lake Teshoko. Since water can only exit via evaporation, the lake became quite salty. Now, before we continue, I want to formally apologize in advance for muffing the pronunciation of all the names in this video.

Tennos Titalan was originally founded sometime in the 1320s or 1340s. The city was established on a small artificial island in Lake Teshoko by a Nahua tribe called the Aztecs or Mexico if you would like to call them that. We do not know for sure why they chose this place. It is likely because of the existing presence of wealthy citystates on the shores of the basin's various lakes.

Since those shores were already occupied, they opted for the island. It was more defensible anyway. The city's only connections to the mainland were a series of causeways. Thanks in part to this defensibility, the Aztecs went on to build a large empire that stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean.

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